“A stock market decline is as routine as a January blizzard in Colorado. If you’re prepared, it can’t hurt you. A decline is a great opportunity to pick up the bargains left behind by investors who are fleeing the storm in panic”

Peter Lynch

The World Health Organization (WHO) has declared a global health emergency over the coronavirus.  As at 10 Feb 2020, Covid-19 has killed more than 900 people in China and infected thousands worldwide.¹ Covid-19 has sent shockwaves through the financial markets. Hong Kong and Singapore, whose economies are highly dependent on trade and global fund flows, are bound to see their economies impacted negatively.

 

 

No one can predict when this outbreak will end or the magnitude that financial markets will be impacted. What we can do, however, is focus on the things we can control.

For example:

1. Investigate the market’s past behaviour during similar outbreaks of infectious diseases to anticipate magnitude of impact.
2. Understand which sectors will be impacted during an infectious disease outbreak.
3. Hedge our portfolio against black swan events and uncertainties.

In this article, we will be looking back in time to analyse how financial markets reacted to similar outbreaks of infectious diseases. Secondly, we will be investigating which sectors and asset classes will be impacted during an infectious disease outbreak. Last but not least, we will be looking at how Contracts for Differences (CFDs) can be used for hedging in times of such uncertainties!

“History doesn’t repeat itself, but it often rhymes”

Mark Twain

When attempting to analyse and investigate a particular event, it is ideal to look back into history to find out how markets reacted during that period in time. The good news is that historical data does tell us that financial markets have been relatively resilient to past infectious epidemics. The MSCI World Index is a collection of 1655 counters from developed countries, including Japan, Hong Kong and Singapore. From the MSCI World Index chart below, we can conclude that the global economy was relatively resilient to infectious epidemics. Approximately three months after the SARS epidemic, the MSCI return 16.36%.²

MCSI World Index²

In our opinion, the closest parallel to the coronabirus was the SARS epidemic. According to data gathered from WHO and the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention,  the SARS epidemic resulted in 8100 infected and 774 deaths. The fatality rate of SARS amounted to 9.5%.³ The fatality rate of Covid-19 ranges around 2%⁴ (subjected to change) as of early February 2020.

Given the similarities between SARS and Covid-19’s outbreak, we decided to investigate the impact that the SARS epidemic had on open economies such as Hong Kong and Singapore. The first case of SARS in China was reported on Saturday 16 November 2002. Therefore, we used Monday 18 November 2002 as the start date to analyse how markets would react to the SARS epidemic.⁵ Similar to the MSCI World Index, an initial 3-month decline was followed by a strong uptrend a year later.

 

Start Date (18/11/2002)	3 Months Return	6 Months Return	9 Months Return	12 Months Return
Straits Times Index	-9.53%	6.64%	15.13%	24.82%
Hang Seng Index	-7.24%	-8.00%	5.09%	23.02%

The Covid-19 Outbreak occurred near the time of Chinese New Year 2020, a rather untimely period where travelling and retail spending is generally at its peak. China’s GDP now amounts to 17% of the Global GDP as opposed to 4% in 2003. This infectious epidemic would put China GDP growth at 5.7%, and will be China’s lowest GDP growth in nearly three decades.⁶ During the SARS period in 2003, the Service industry amounted to 42% of China’s GDP. As of 2019, the Service industry amounted to 54% of China’s GDP. China’s GDP now amounts to 17% of the Global GDP as opposed to 4% in 2003.⁷

 

 International Monetary Fund

 

In an event of an epidemic outbreak, industries such as tourism, and its several economic and sub sectors such as transport, hospitality, and retail spending will feel the first brunt of impact. Below is a table of the counters and their respective industries that were affected.

 

Name	Exchange	Contract Code	Industry	CFD Margin Requirement	Total Return (060120 – 060220)
CHINA SOUTHERN AIRLINES CO-H	HKSE	1055	Airlines	30%	-20.77%
CHINA EASTERN AIRLINES CO-H	HKSE	0670	Airlines	30%	-20.18%
SATS LTD	SGX	SATS	Airport Services	10%	-12.21%
COMFORTDELGRO CORP LTD	SGX	CFD	Transportation	10%	-9.32%
FAR EAST HOSPITALITY TRUST	SGX	FEHT	Hotel & Resort REITs	20%	-8.67%
MALAYSIA AIRPORTS HLDGS BHD	KLSE	MAH	Airport Services	20%	-8.20%
HAIDILAO INTERNATIONAL HOLDI	HKSE	6862	Consumer Services	30%	-8.00%
SASSEUR REAL ESTATE INVESTMENT	SGX	SASUR	Retail REITs	20%	-7.87%
MTR CORP	HKSE	0066	Transportation	20%	-7.54%
EAGLE HOSPITALITY TRUST	SGX	EGHT	Hotel & Resort REITs	20%	-7.27%
SIA	SGX	SIAA	Airlines	10%	-4.77%
CHINA AIRCRAFT LEASING GROUP	HKSE	1848	Capital Goods	40%	-3.95%
LENDLEASE GLOBAL COMMERCIAL	SGX	LREIT	Retail REITs	20%	-1.08%
STARHILL GLOBAL REIT	SGX	SHG	Retail	20%	-0.51%
SPH REIT	SGX	SPHS	Retail REITs	10%	0.00%
CAPITALAND MALL TRUST	SGX	CTM	Retail REITs	15%	3.30%
CAPITALAND RETAIL CHINA TRUS	SGX	CRCT	Retail REITs	20%	-4.403%
BHG RETAIL REIT	SGX	BHGR	Retail REITs	20%	-5.109%
YTL HOSPITALITY REIT	KLSE	SRET	Hotel & Resort REITs	30%	-5.109%
TRIP.COM	NASDAQ	TCOM	Travel Services	20%	0.09%
BOOKING.COM	NASDAQ	BKNG	Travel Services	15%	-5.28%

Data retrieved from Bloomberg, Total Returns over 1 month

 

During uncertainties, Gold and other precious metals are often favoured. However, not all industries will feel the brunt of the bear market. According to table below, healthcare supplies and glove manufacturing counters have seen their counters appreciate.

Name	Exchange	Contract Code	Industry	CFD Margin Requirement	Total Return (060120 – 060220)
UG HEALTHCARE CORP LTD	SGX	UGHC	Health Care Supplies	50%	64.234%
QT VASCULAR LTD	SGX	QTVC	Health Care Equipment	70%	33.333%
MEDTECS INTERNATIONAL CORP	SGX	MIC	Health Care Supplies	100%	152.5%
SUPERMAX CORP BHD	KLSE	SUM	Health Care Supplies	30%	25.55%
TOP GLOVE CORP	KLSE	TOG	Health Care Supplies	30%	20.99%
RIVERSTONE HOLDINGS	SGX	RVS	Health Care Supplies	20%	8.60%
HARTALEGA HOLDINGS	KLSE	HTH	Health Care Supplies	20%	6.11%
RAFFLES MEDICAL	SGX	RAFSP	Health Care Supplies	20%	0.98%
COMFORT GLOVE	KLSE	IRC	Commodity Chemicals	20%	12.26%
HARTALEGA HOLDINGS	KLSE	HTH	Health Care Supplies	20%	6.11%

Data retrieved from Bloomberg, Total Returns over 1 month

 

If one believes that the information factored into certain counters affected is temporary and reflects something shorter than his holding period, it may be wise to long and value cost average into these respective counters with strong balance sheets and free cash flow stability.

However, if one believes the uptrend in certain counters was due to a knee jerk reaction or that the down trend is going to continue, it may be ideal to short these counters. CFDs are popular tools used for short selling as they have no contract expiry date and can bypass the need of share borrowing. Check out our guide on CFD short selling here!

“The Markets generally are unpredictable, so that one has to have different scenarios. The idea that you can actually predict what’s going to happen contradicts my way of looking at the Market”

George Soros

 

Contrary to popular opinion, CFDs are not restricted to technical traders. Long term investors can utilise CFDs to hedge their positions against unforeseen events and uncertainties.

One can use CFDs as a hedge in these 2 possible scenarios:

1) When the price of your existing positions has already moved/is moving against you.

2) When you anticipate future gains in your existing positions to be marginal due to increasingly negative market sentiment.

A practical application for most buy and hold investors would be to use CFD indices for hedging. This is an alternative to using a CFD to short sell each individual counter which they are currently holding. The benefits of hedging using CFD indices is that CFD indices generally have minimal commission fees and low margin requirements.

 

George is a long-term investor with a $100,000 portfolio of stocks. Assuming most of George’s equity holdings are main constituents of Index X.

Let us assume the following:

1 Contract value of Index X = $3300
Amount of Index X Contracts: $100,000/$3300 = 30

Given the price of Index X, George would need approximately 30 contracts to perform a partial hedge.

Assuming Index X has a margin requirement of 5%, and has an exposure of $1 per point, George’s Initial Capital outlay for Index X would have been:
$3300 * 5% * 30 = $4950 with a $99,000 short exposure.

A decline in the value of George’s equity portfolio would have been potentially offset by the gains in his short index position.

Do note that this example is just a conceptual example on hedging. Charges such as commission and financing charges are not included in this example.

This scenario is ideal for people seeking capital preservation for their nest egg as opposed to high frequency trading or speculation.

“Mr Market’s job is to provide you with prices. Your job is to decide whether it is to your advantage to act on them. You do not have to trade with him just because he constantly begs you.”

Benjamin Graham

Truth be told, no one has a crystal ball that can predict when an infectious epidemic will come, or when it will end. In my opinion, the best way to deal with such events is to learn from history and focus on what you can control. You can control your emotions and the price you pay. I sincerely hope that you have found value in this article. Till next time folks!

 

Begin your Trading Journey with us!

References:

^[1]https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/01/timeline-china-coronavirus-spread-200126061554884.html
^[2]https://www.schwab.com/resource-center/insights/content/will-virus-outbreak-lead-to-market-breakdown
^[3]https://www.cdc.gov/sars/about/fs-sars.html
^[4]https://www.worldometers.info/coronavirus/coronavirus-death-rate/
^[5]https://www.cdc.gov/about/history/sars/timeline.htm
^[6]https://www.straitstimes.com/business/economy/chinas-economy-will-grow-at-57-in-2020-oxford-economics-says
^[6]https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-01-31/the-coronavirus-is-more-dangerous-for-the-economy-than-sars